| Citation Styles |
| Citation styles differ mostly in the location, order, and syntax of information about references. The number and diversity of citation styles reflect different priorities with respect to concision, readability, dates, authors, publications, and, of course, style.. Documentary-note style is the standard form of documenting sources. It involves using either footnotes or endnotes, so that information about your sources is readily available to your readers but does not interfere with their reading of your work. For more information on footnotes and endnotes, click here. |
| In the parenthetical style, sometimes called the "author-date" style or "in-text" style, references to sources are made in the body of the work itself, through parentheses. An example of this would be the following sentence, taken from page 23 of a book written by Professor Scott in 1999: |
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| This is generally considered an abbreviated form of citation, and it does not require footnotes or endnotes, although it does require the equivalent of a "Works Cited" page at the end of the paper. It is easier to write, but might interfere with how smoothly your work reads. With so many different citation styles, how do you know which one is right for your paper? First, we strongly recommend asking your instructor. There are several factors which go into determining the appropriate citation style, including discipline (priorities in an English class might differ from those of a Psychology class, for example), academic expectations (papers intended for publication might be subject to different standards than mid-term papers), the research aims of an assignment, and the individual preference of your instructor. If you want to learn more about using a particular citation style, we have provided links to more specific resources below. Just choose the appropriate discipline from the menu on the left, or scroll down until you find the style that interests you. |
| Humanities | |
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| Chicago | |
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Writer's Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChicago.html |
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Quick Reference Guide to the Chicago Style http://www.library.wwu.edu/ref/Refhome/chicago.html |
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Writer's Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChicago.html |
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Excellent FAQ on Usage in the Chicago Style http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/cmosfaq/ |
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Online! Guide to Chicago Style http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite7.html |
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Writer's Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChicago.html |
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Writer's Handbook: Chicago Style Documentation http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChicago.html |
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| MLA (Modern Language Association) | |
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Writer's Handbook: MLA Style Documentation http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocMLA.html |
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The Documentation Style of the Modern Language Association http://www.newark.ohio-state.edu/~osuwrite/mla.htm |
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MLA Citation Style http://campusgw.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/citing/mla.html |
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Online! Guide to MLA Style http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite5.html |
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Useful Guide to Parenthetical Documentation http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/1623/document.html |
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| Turabian (an academic style that works in other disciplines as well) | |
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Turabian Bibliography Samples (Ithaca College Library). Based on the 6th edition of Turabian's Manual. http://www.ithaca.edu/library/course/turabian.html |
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Turabian Style: Sample Footnotes and Bibliographic Entries (6th edition) (Bridgewater State College) http://www.bridgew.edu/Library/turabian.htm |
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Turabian style guide: (University of Southern Mississippi Libraries) http://www.lib.usm.edu/~instruct/guides/turabian.html |
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Turabian Citation Style Examples (Northwest Missouri State University) http://www.nwmissouri.edu/library/citing/turabian.htm |
| Social Sciences | |
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| AAA (American Anthropological Association) | |
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Citations and Bibliographic Style for Anthropology Papers http://www.usd.edu/anth/handbook/bib.htm |
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AAA Style Handbook (PDF format) http://www.aaanet.org/pubs/style_guide.pdf |
[Note: the AAA style is based on the Chicago style, so for specific questions not addressed in any of the AAA style guides, please use the links above or consult The Chicago Manual of Style (14th edition, 1993)] |
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| APA (American Psychological Association) | |
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Writer's Handbook: APA Style Documentation http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html |
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APA Style Guide http://www.lib.usm.edu/~instruct/guides/apa.html |
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Bibliography Style Handbook (APA) http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/bibliography_style_handbookapa.htm |
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APA Style Electronic Format http://www.westwords.com/guffey/apa.html |
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Online! Guide to APA Style http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.html |
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APA Style.org http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html |
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| APSA (American Political Science Association) | |
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Writer's Handbook: APSA Documentation http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPSA.html |
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| Legal Style | |
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Electrical Engineering Citation Style http://www.lehigh.edu/~inhelp/footnote/footee.html |
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Cornell University's Introduction to Basic Legal Citation http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/citation.table.html |
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Legal Citation: Using and Understanding Legal Abbreviations http://qsilver.queensu.ca/law/legalcit.htm |
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Legal Research and Citation Style in the USA http://www.rbs0.com/lawcite.htm |
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| Other | |
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General info on citing web documents http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/Style.html |
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Recommended Multi-Style Links http://www.aresearchguide.com/styleguides.html http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/ |